ICV Report: H1 2023 Global Quantum Information Policy Research
As a frontier field, quantum information science has largely relied on governmental funding for its early-stage development. Nations worldwide continually invest in this area, aiming to secure their leading positions or maintain an unbeatable momentum. According to publicly collected data, from January to June 2023, the United States topped the list for scale of investment globally. The funds dedicated to national-level quantum policies, governmental department issued quantum policies, government-funded quantum projects, and intergovernmental collaborative policies totaled approximately $2.5 billion USD.
It is worth noting that, due to various considerations, the specific amount of investment is not fully disclosed by some countries. For instance, policy documents from China rarely disclose specific funding scales. Therefore, the actual amount of investment from each country is unknown, and the statistical data is for reference only. Some countries' investments in quantum information science are not strictly for 2023 but are planned to be dispersed over several years. In such cases, the data reflects the average annual investment. In situations where certain countries allocate funds to multiple sectors, with quantum information being just one among them, the statistics were computed based on the average funding received per sector.
In terms of international cooperation, as of June 30, 2023, the United States has signed joint statements on Quantum Information Science and Technology (QIST) cooperation with ten countries. Geographically, these countries include seven in Europe (Netherlands, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, UK), one in Australia (Australia), and two in Asia (Japan, South Korea). Notably, the Netherlands and South Korea signed joint statements on QIST cooperation with the US in the first half of 2023.
Another initiative undertaken by major countries/organizations worldwide to advance Quantum Information Science and Technology (QIST) is the establishment of Quantum Alliances. Countries such as the United States, Australia, the European Union, China, Canada, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Denmark have all set up such alliances, with the QED·C Alliance in the United States being the earliest to develop and currently having the largest number of members.
In addition to internal collaboration within the alliances, these entities also cooperate with each other. In January 2023, the Canadian QIC, the American QED-C, Japan's Q-STAR, and the European Union's QuIC signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), establishing the International Council of Quantum Industry Associations (ICQIA). This body aims to enhance communication and collaboration between the participating alliances in terms of the goals and methods of quantum technology development.
In December 2018, the United States enacted the National Quantum Initiative Act. As part of the strategy to propel national interests, the Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C), managed by the Stanford International Research Institute and supported by NIST, was established. The members of the QED-C alliance encompass six major categories, including businesses, government departments, academic institutions, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs) and their managers, affiliates, among others. The alliance aims to coordinate resources among federal, academic, and industry partners to support quantum research and development work from public and private sectors as well as research institutions. This ensures the United States' leading role in global quantum research and development and promotes the emerging quantum industry in computation, communication, and sensing fields.
Table of Contents
I. Background of Quantum Information Policy Research
1. Classification Method of Policies
2. Importance of Policies
II. Overview of Global Quantum Information Policies in the First Half of 2023
1. National Quantum Strategic Plans Launched by Four Countries
2. Continual Increase in Government Funding Across Countries
3. Signing of Bilateral or Multilateral Cooperation Agreements Among Various Countries
III. Initiatives of Major Quantum Technology Participating Countries or Organizations
1. Establishment of Quantum R&D Institutions
2. Formation of Quantum Alliances
IV. Development Strategies of Major Quantum Information Technology Countries
1. United States
2. China
3. United Kingdom
4. Australia
5. Japan
6. Others
7. European Union
V. Summary and Prospects
1. Shortage of Quantum Talents, Implementation of Talent Training Plans
2. Strengthening International Cooperation to Accelerate Technological Breakthroughs
3. Establishing Standards and Regulations to Promote Ecosystem Development
4. Planning Intellectual Property Layouts, Early Deployment
5. Being Alert to Potential Ethical Issues Raised by Quantum Technology Development
Appendix
Reference Links
List of Figures
Figure 1: Distribution of Countries or Organizations that Released Policies in H1 2023
Figure 2: Funding Inputs for Major Participating Countries or Organizations in H1 2023
Figure 3: Timeline of the United States National Quantum Initiative Act
Figure 4: Organizational Structure of US QIST Implementation Institutions
Figure 5: US Quantum Information Coordination Bodies and Responsibilities
Figure 6: Quantum Research Institutions Funded by the U.S. DOE and NSF
Figure 7: Quantum Research Centers in Major Participating Countries or Organizations
Figure 8: Member Types of the US Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)
Figure 9: Establishment of Global Quantum Alliances
Figure 10: Policy Evaluations of Major Participating Countries in Quantum Technology
Figure 11: Status of US Signing Quantum Joint Declarations with Other Countries
Figure 12: References to Quantum Information in Chinese Government Documents in H1 2023
Figure 13: National Quantum Strategies Implemented and Released in H1 2023
Figure 14: Policies of Major Participating Countries in Quantum Technology in H1 2023
Figure 15: Quantum international cooperation among countries and organizations
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